Social values ​​and norms. 11th grade

Target: to form an idea of ​​social norms and values, of social control as a special mechanism for maintaining public order.

Lesson type : learning new material.

During the classes

Plan:

Social values ​​and norms.

social sanctions.

Learning new material.

(reading the myth to the music of "Sarah Brightman - Moment of Peace")

Creating the human race, the gods took care of it with truly divine generosity: they gave reason, speech, fire, abilities for craftsmanship and art. Everyone was endowed with some kind of talent. Builders, blacksmiths, doctors, etc. appeared. Man began to get food, make beautiful things, build dwellings. But the gods failed to teach people how to live in society. And when people got together for some big deal - to build a road, a canal, fierce disputes broke out between them, and often the case ended in a general collapse. People were too selfish, too intolerant and cruel, everything was decided only by brute force ...

And the threat of self-destruction hung over the human race.

Then the father of the gods Zeus, feeling his special responsibility, ordered to introduce shame and truth into people's lives.

The gods were delighted with the wisdom of the father. They asked him only one question: how to distribute shame and truth among people? After all, the gods bestow talents selectively: they will send the abilities of a builder to one, a musician to another, a healer to a third, and so on. And what to do with shame and truth?

Zeus replied that all people should have shame and truth. Otherwise, there will be no cities, no states, no people on Earth...

- What is this myth about?

Today in the lesson we will talk about social values ​​and norms - the regulators of human behavior.

1. Social values ​​and norms

We encounter values ​​at every step. But how often do we think about them? The saying “Look inside yourself” suggests that the basis of our morality should be an internal dialogue, a person’s judgment on himself, in which he himself is both an accuser, a defender, and a judge. And what determines the essence of this monologue? Of course, those values ​​that move a person. What are values ​​and norms?

The class is invited to assemble a whole concept from words.(worksheet)

All values ​​are interconnected, in unity and form a holistic inner world of a person - a pyramid of values.

Build your own value pyramid and explain your choice.

Do you think people can live without values? Justify your opinion.

Values ​​are unshakable, intimate life orientations of a person. .

Without them, man cannot exist. Another thing is that for someone the golden calf is the main reference point, and for someone the highest value is friendship.

And yet there are values ​​that the absolute majority of the inhabitants of the planet worship. What values ​​am I talking about?

There are values ​​that the absolute majority of the inhabitants of the planet worship. What values ​​am I talking about? On universal (eternal) values:

Nobility

Dignity

the beauty

Conscience

Vera

Hope

True

freedom

Love

Exercise 1 . Each group should make up a short story (5-6 sentences) using partially given words (values).

Work with the text of LN Stolovich about universal values.

Talk about biblical values

The main human value is life. Monologue from "The Idiot" by Dostoevsky. Performed by EVGENY MIRONOV.

SLIDE №6-7 What role do these values ​​play in a person's life? (slide show)

Therefore, any value is social in nature.

Under social value is understood as a component of social life, endowed with a special meaning in the mind of the individual or in the public mind. Values ​​actively influence the consciousness and behavior of people.

Give examples of the impact of social values ​​on the consciousness and behavior of people.

Some of you will ask: do not the norms of behavior influence and determine the behavior of people? Let's try to draw parallels between value and norm.

Task 2 . Having studied the material § 6 "Social norms", handout types of social norms -make a cluster of what social norms permeate our lives.

Slide #9

Regulation of human behavior by social norms is carried out in three ways:

permission - an indication of behaviors that are desirable, but not required;

prescription - an indication of the required action;

prohibition - an indication of actions that should not be performed.

Carefully study the data in the table "Social norms" and indicate which of the presented norms is a ban? What - prescription? What - permission?

social norms

Fixing:

Tasks from the handout

2. Social sanctions - means of establishing social norms.

Sanctions exist in the form of rewards and punishments, which can be formal or informal.

informal positive sanctions (H+) - public approval that does not come from official organizations: friendly praise, compliments, tacit recognition, benevolent disposition, applause, fame, honor, flattering reviews, recognition of leadership or expert qualities, smile.

Formal negative sanctions (F-) - punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, orders, orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal, fine, confiscation of property, demotion, demolition, death penalty.

Informal negative sanctions (N-) - punishments not provided for by official authorities: censure, remarks, ridicule, mockery, a cruel joke, an unflattering nickname, refusal to maintain relations, spreading rumors, slander, an unfriendly review, a complaint, writing a feuilleton, exposing article.

II. Consolidation of what has been learned.

Answer the questions:

What's happenedsocial norm ?

What social norms exist in society? Explain their purpose.

What role do social sanctions play?

Homework: § 6, learn.

Worksheet for the lesson "Social Values ​​and Norms"

1. Social values

At present, a number of prominent sociologists (for example, G. Lasswell and A. Kaplan) believe that values ​​are the basis that gives social interactions certain color and content, making social relations out of them. Value can be defined as a targeted desirable event. The fact that subject X values ​​object Y means that X acts in such a way as to reach the level of X, or at least come close to it. The personality takes a position of evaluation in relation to all components of its environment. But she will carry out social actions in relation to someone only because of things that she values ​​​​and considers useful and desirable for herself, that is, for the sake of values. Values ​​in this case serve as an impetus, a necessary condition for any kind of interaction.

An analysis of social values ​​allows us to conditionally divide them into two main groups:

welfare values,

Other values.

Welfare values ​​are understood as those values ​​that are a necessary condition for maintaining the physical and mental activity of individuals. This group of values ​​includes, first of all: skill (qualification), enlightenment, wealth, well-being.

Mastery (qualification) is an acquired professionalism in some area of ​​practical activity.

Enlightenment is the knowledge and information potential of the individual, as well as his cultural ties.

Wealth implies mainly services and various material goods.

Well-being means the health and safety of individuals.

Other social values ​​are expressed in the actions of both this individual and others. The most significant of them should be considered power, respect, moral values ​​and affectivity.

The most important of these is power. This is the most universal and highest value, since the possession of it makes it possible to acquire any other values.

Respect is a value that includes status, prestige, fame and reputation. The desire to possess this value is rightfully considered one of the main human motivations.

Moral values ​​include kindness, generosity,

virtue, justice and other moral qualities.

Affectivity is a value that primarily includes love and friendship.

Everyone knows the case when Alexander the Great, who had power, wealth and prestige, offered to use these values ​​to the philosopher Diogenes of Sinop. The king asked the philosopher to name a desire, to present any requirement that he would immediately fulfill. But Diogenes had no need for the proposed values ​​and expressed only one wish: that the king would move away and not block the sun for him. The relationship of respect and gratitude, which Macedonsky counted on, did not arise, Diogenes remained independent, as, indeed, the king.

Thus, the interaction of needs in values ​​reflect the content and meaning of social relations.

Due to the inequality that exists in society, social values ​​are unevenly distributed among members of society. In every social group, in every social stratum or class, there is its own distribution of values, different from others, between members of the social community. It is on the unequal distribution of values ​​that relations of power and subordination, all types of economic relations, relations of friendship, love, partnership, etc. are built.

A person or group that has advantages in the distribution of values ​​has a high value position, and a person or group that has less or no values ​​has a low value position. Value positions, and therefore value patterns, do not remain unchanged, since in the course of the exchange of existing values ​​and interactions aimed at acquiring values, individuals and social groups constantly redistribute values ​​among themselves.

In their striving to achieve values, people enter into conflict interactions if they consider the existing value model unfair, and actively try to change their own value positions. But they also use cooperative interactions if the value model suits them or if they need to enter into coalitions against other individuals or groups. And, finally, people enter into interactions in the form of concessions if the value model is considered unfair, but some members of the group, for various reasons, do not seek to change the existing situation.

Social values ​​are the basic initial concept in the study of such a phenomenon as culture. According to the domestic sociologist N.I. Lapin “the value system forms the inner core of culture, the spiritual quintessence of the needs and interests of individuals and social communities. It, in turn, has a reverse effect on social interests and needs, acting as one of the most important motivators of social action, the behavior of individuals. Thus, each value and value system has a dual basis: in the individual as an intrinsically valuable subject and in society as a socio-cultural system.

Analyzing social values ​​in the context of social consciousness and people's behavior, one can get a fairly accurate idea of ​​the degree of development of the individual, the level of assimilation of all the wealth of human history. That is why they can be correlated with one or another type of civilization in the depths of which a given value arose or to which it mainly refers: traditional values ​​oriented towards the preservation and reproduction of established goals and norms of life; modern values ​​that have arisen under the influence of changes in public life or in its main areas. In this context, comparisons of the values ​​of the older and younger generations are very indicative, which makes it possible to understand the tension and the causes of conflicts between them.

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Introduction

social values

social norms

Types of social norms

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The concept of social values ​​and norms first appeared in sociological science thanks to M. Weber. Analyzing the actions of individuals, Weber proceeded from the neo-Kantian premise, according to which every human act appears meaningful only in relation to the values ​​in the light of which the norms of human behavior and their goals are determined. Weber traced this connection in the course of sociological analysis of religion.

The science of axiology is engaged in the study of values ​​(from the Greek "axia" - value and "logos" - a word, concept, doctrine). It is included as a fundamentally important component in the structure of a number of philosophical and sociological concepts of neo-Kantian-Weberian, phenomenologically-interactionist and positivist-scientistic orientations.

The emergence and functioning of social norms, their place in the socio-political organization of society are determined by the objective need to streamline social relations. At the heart of the emergence of social norms (“general rules”) are, first of all, the needs of material production. Social norms are requirements, prescriptions, wishes and expectations of appropriate behavior.

social norm prescription behavior

1. Social values

At present, a number of prominent sociologists (for example, G. Lasswell and A. Kaplan) believe that values ​​are the basis that gives social interactions certain color and content, making social relations out of them. Value can be defined as a targeted desirable event. The fact that subject X values ​​object Y means that X acts in such a way as to reach the level of X, or at least come close to it. The personality takes a position of evaluation in relation to all components of its environment. But she will carry out social actions in relation to someone only because of things that she values ​​​​and considers useful and desirable for herself, that is, for the sake of values. Values ​​in this case serve as an impetus, a necessary condition for any kind of interaction.

An analysis of social values ​​allows us to conditionally divide them into two main groups:

welfare values,

other values.

Welfare values ​​are understood as those values ​​that are a necessary condition for maintaining the physical and mental activity of individuals. This group of values ​​includes, first of all: skill (qualification), enlightenment, wealth, well-being.

Mastery (qualification) is an acquired professionalism in some area of ​​practical activity.

Enlightenment is the knowledge and information potential of the individual, as well as his cultural ties.

Wealth implies mainly services and various material goods.

Well-being means the health and safety of individuals.

Other social values ​​are expressed in the actions of both this individual and others. The most significant of them should be considered power, respect, moral values ​​and affectivity.

The most important of these is power. This is the most universal and highest value, since the possession of it makes it possible to acquire any other values.

Respect is a value that includes status, prestige, fame and reputation. The desire to possess this value is rightfully considered one of the main human motivations.

Moral values ​​include kindness, generosity,

virtue, justice and other moral qualities.

Affectivity is a value that primarily includes love and friendship.

Everyone knows the case when Alexander the Great, who had power, wealth and prestige, offered to use these values ​​to the philosopher Diogenes of Sinop. The king asked the philosopher to name a desire, to present any requirement that he would immediately fulfill. But Diogenes had no need for the proposed values ​​and expressed only one wish: that the king would move away and not block the sun for him. The relationship of respect and gratitude, which Macedonsky counted on, did not arise, Diogenes remained independent, as, indeed, the king.

Thus, the interaction of needs in values ​​reflect the content and meaning of social relations.

Due to the inequality that exists in society, social values ​​are unevenly distributed among members of society. In every social group, in every social stratum or class, there is its own distribution of values, different from others, between members of the social community. It is on the unequal distribution of values ​​that relations of power and subordination, all types of economic relations, relations of friendship, love, partnership, etc. are built.

A person or group that has advantages in the distribution of values ​​has a high value position, and a person or group that has less or no values ​​has a low value position. Value positions, and therefore value patterns, do not remain unchanged, since in the course of the exchange of existing values ​​and interactions aimed at acquiring values, individuals and social groups constantly redistribute values ​​among themselves.

In their striving to achieve values, people enter into conflict interactions if they consider the existing value model unfair, and actively try to change their own value positions. But they also use cooperative interactions if the value model suits them or if they need to enter into coalitions against other individuals or groups. And, finally, people enter into interactions in the form of concessions if the value model is considered unfair, but some members of the group, for various reasons, do not seek to change the existing situation.

Social values ​​are the basic initial concept in the study of such a phenomenon as culture. According to the domestic sociologist N.I. Lapin “the value system forms the inner core of culture, the spiritual quintessence of the needs and interests of individuals and social communities. It, in turn, has a reverse effect on social interests and needs, acting as one of the most important motivators of social action, the behavior of individuals. Thus, each value and value system has a dual basis: in the individual as an intrinsically valuable subject and in society as a socio-cultural system.

Analyzing social values ​​in the context of social consciousness and people's behavior, one can get a fairly accurate idea of ​​the degree of development of the individual, the level of assimilation of all the wealth of human history. That is why they can be correlated with one or another type of civilization in the depths of which a given value arose or to which it mainly refers: traditional values ​​oriented towards the preservation and reproduction of established goals and norms of life; modern values ​​that have arisen under the influence of changes in public life or in its main areas. In this context, comparisons of the values ​​of the older and younger generations are very indicative, which makes it possible to understand the tension and the causes of conflicts between them.

social norms

social society behavior

Human society is a set of people's relations to nature and to each other, or a set of social phenomena; at the same time, a social phenomenon is understood as such an interconnected behavior of individuals that causes certain changes in nature, society and the person himself. It follows from this that there is neither society nor social phenomena outside the behavior of individuals and their interrelated actions.

However, individuals as members of society, as conscious, creative and free beings, are free to choose their behavior. And their actions can not only be inconsistent, but often contradict each other. And the opposite of behavior can call into question not only the implementation of social functions, but also the existence of society. Therefore, there is a need to regulate human behavior, that is, to determine its method and ensure that people's behavior is acceptable to society.

People as social beings create a new world, different from nature (although not completely separated from it), but there must be order in it. And in order for this order to exist, social norms are created, which are essentially a special product of human society.

Social norms, streamlining the behavior of people, regulate the most diverse types of social relations. They form a certain hierarchy of norms, distributed according to the degree of their sociological significance.

Compliance with the norms is regulated by society with varying degrees of rigor. Violations of taboos (in primitive societies) and legal laws (in industrial societies) are punished most severely, and habits are most mildly punished.

The social norms that determine human behavior ensure the existence of people in society and the existence of a person as a person - in his relationship to other people and to himself. With their help, a person seeks to preserve and realize certain values ​​in the natural and social reality in which he lives.

Social norms are the expected rules of human behavior and society, according to which a person must behave in such a way as to ensure the consistency of individual behaviors necessary for the implementation of basic social functions. Man is a free being, and within the limits of freedom granted to him by natural law, he can behave in different ways. And the more developed a society is, the more confidently it progresses, the greater the progress of human consciousness and freedom, the more a person behaves as a free being, and society can influence his free behavior with the help of rules created by society. And this means that just as there is no society without free and purposeful behavior of a person, so there is no society without social rules, with the help of which the coordination of these free behaviors is ensured.

Understood in this way, social norms also presuppose a relative freedom of human behavior, which each person feels when he acts in accordance with social rules, although he might neglect the latter. At the same time, when a person violates the rules of conduct, he must be prepared to undergo a certain kind of sanctions, by applying which the society ensures that individuals respect the social rules.

With the help of social norms, society seeks to ensure the implementation of certain social functions. The exercise of these functions is of public interest. This public interest is not necessarily, in the full sense of the word, the interest of the predominant part of society. However, it is social in the sense that, with the help of social norms, it ensures the coordination and coordination of the actions of individuals in order to successfully unfold, first of all, the process of social production that ensures the existence of society at a given stage of its development.

To realize the many and varied goals in society, there are many social norms. However, this set did not always exist. Social norms have gone their way of historical development, along with the development of society. At the beginning of human history, when human society was undeveloped, social norms constituted a single set and did not differ from each other either in the way they arose or in the way in which they were applied.

However, with the development of society, there is a differentiation of certain types of norms. Namely, with the differentiation of society, special groups of people arise who have a special interest and who want to realize it. Then there is a differentiation of social norms. Social norms begin to differ both in terms of the goals that people are trying to realize with their help, and in their form, that is, in the way they arise and in the means by which they are enforced.

3. Types of social norms

With the development of society, the number of social norms also increased. Numerous social norms are divided into various groups depending on the criteria used in their classification. Most often, based on the means by which people are influenced, behaving in accordance with social norms, the latter are divided into social prescriptions and technical rules.

a) Social prescriptions are social norms in the narrow sense of the word. These are social norms that determine the social behavior of a person, that is, a person's attitude towards other members of society. When people act in accordance with social precepts, a social state is established that is beneficial, that is, one that can be considered beneficial to the society that makes these rules.

Social prescriptions regulate relations between people in the state and in narrower communities, that is, in social groups. These are the norms by which a person's behavior is regulated in relation to other people in the state, in the family, on the street, in the process of producing material goods, etc. These norms serve the realization of a common goal, the achievement of which is in the interests of some broad community, although not necessarily in the interests of its individual members. In order to ensure a respectful attitude to these norms, the community takes certain measures, from education to sanctions, with the help of which the violator of social norms is deprived of certain benefits.

A social prescription has two parts: a disposition and a sanction.

The disposition is that part of the social prescription that determines the behavior of the individual in such a way that the interest of the community, the collective, is observed.

The sanction provides for the deprivation of the one who violated the disposition of certain benefits and thereby satisfies the desire of the community to punish those members of society who do not adhere to the accepted way of behavior. The indirect impact of the sanction on people's behavior is also very important, namely: knowing that they are threatened with certain sanctions, that is, deprivation of certain benefits, people, as a rule, refrain from violating social prescriptions.

However, the sanctions by which society seeks to influence the behavior of people so that it corresponds to the disposition of the legal norm cannot be exclusively negative, that is, aimed only at depriving some of the benefits of those members of society who violate social rules. Positive sanctions can also be provided - not for breaking the rules, but for behavior in accordance with them. They are, in fact, a reward for behavior that is desirable for society.

In society, there are numerous social prescriptions that can be classified into different types based on a variety of criteria. However, it can be argued that most often social prescriptions differ depending on the type of community that creates them; from the activity to which these instructions refer; and the type of sanction to be applied in case of violation of the order.

The most significant differences in individual social prescriptions stem from the sanctions by which they are treated with respect; moreover, the nature of such sanctions depends on which social communities - organized or unorganized - create certain social prescriptions. More severe sanctions in relation to the violator are provided for by those social prescriptions that are created by organized social communities, that is, social organizations. Usually in this case we are talking about depriving the offender of significant benefits with the help of coercion, which often takes the form of physical violence. Legal norms are the most typical representative of this type of social prescriptions.

In unorganized social communities, social prescriptions arise spontaneously, over a long period of time, and are deeply embedded in the consciousness of members of the community. In such communities, in which matters do not come to acute conflicts, sanctions for violation of the rules of conduct are not strict, and they are applied by the society as a whole, and not by special bodies. An example of social prescriptions created by organized communities is legal norms, while unorganized communities are ordinary norms.

b) Technical rules are such norms of behavior that are social only indirectly. But it is they that regulate not the relation of man to other people, but the relation of man to nature. These are the norms that are based on knowledge of nature and determine the behavior of a person in the process of appropriating nature. However, man relates to nature not only as a natural, but also as a social being, that is, his relationship to nature and society is a social relationship. In this sense, the considered norms are also social norms.

By means of actions which are prescribed by technical rules, man can bring about certain favorable changes in nature. Therefore, we can say that these norms determine the activity for the transformation of nature (material nature in the narrow sense of the word). Such, for example, are the rules indicating how to obtain a certain chemical product by combining certain elements, how to cure a disease, create some material wealth, and so on. Thus, technical rules serve to achieve a certain goal, in which either an individual or many people are interested. As for behavior in accordance with these rules, there is a complete coincidence of the interests of society and the individual: both society and the individual are interested in observing technical standards, and there is no disagreement between them. Technical norms are essentially instructions to the individual as to how he should act; they act as assistance to the individual on the part of society, and not as orders. The similar nature of technical rules is the reason for the lack of sanctions that society could apply to violators of these rules. Since the subjects to which the technical rules relate want to realize a certain goal, they must adhere to these rules. If the subjects do not follow these rules, the goal will not be achieved and the interest will not be realized. So, for example, one who wants to get well must follow the prescriptions of medical specialists, otherwise he will continue to get sick. Therefore, it is believed that in order for a person to act in accordance with technical rules, it is enough for him to understand that such behavior ensures the realization of the desired goal.

Thus, people in their behavior adhere to technical rules, because, acting in accordance with them, they realize a certain interest of their own; ignoring these rules, they cannot realize their interest and may suffer certain hardships. That is why there is no need for society to ensure the implementation of technical rules by imposing sanctions on their violators.

However, there are also cases where a social community is interested in observing technical rules and, in order to ensure their implementation, also provides for sanctions against those who violate these rules. But in this case, the technical rule turns into a social prescription, and when these sanctions are applied by the state, the technical norm turns into a legal one. So, for example, there are technical rules governing the construction of residential buildings, and those who do not comply with them create a risk of destruction of these buildings. Today, the state prescribes: how much reinforcement and how exactly it should be used in construction so that the building does not collapse during an earthquake. Since the earthquake is a danger to the whole society, the latter seeks to protect itself from possible disastrous consequences by prescribing the method of construction.

What kind of technical rules and when they become social prescriptions depends on many social circumstances and on the knowledge people have about nature and the methods of its appropriation, that is, adaptation and transformation by human needs. In modern society, more and more aspects of the labor process are regulated by legal norms, in order to create working conditions worthy of a person, in developed societies there are a large number of technical rules. Each area of ​​human creativity creates its own technical rules. At the same time, technical rules are subject to continuous changes occurring in the course of changing human consciousness and ways of appropriating nature, its adaptation to the needs of people. The change in technical rules is directly related, first of all, to the development of science and the emergence of new opportunities for the development of technology.

Technical rules are social rules, for man's relation to nature is a social relation; also, the attitude of man to science, to the knowledge it gives and its application, is the attitude of society to science. This attitude of society towards science and the application of its knowledge in practical activities can be twofold, namely: society can contribute to the development of science and the speedy application of its knowledge in practical activities, but it can also impede the use of scientific knowledge, and thereby hinder the development of science.

What will be the attitude of society towards the application of scientific knowledge in practice depends on a large number of social factors. This attitude is determined both by the nature of the production relations existing in a given society and by the ideology of this society (it is known, for example, that the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages was against the development of science and the use of scientific knowledge).

Conclusion

In sociology, the concepts of social values ​​and norms are very often used, which characterize the basic orientations of people both in life in general and in the main areas of their activity - in work, in politics, in everyday life, etc.

Social values ​​are the highest principles on the basis of which consent is ensured, both in small social groups and in society as a whole.

Social norms perform very important in society

functions. They are:

regulate the general course of socialization;

integrate individuals into groups, and groups into society;

control deviant behavior;

serve as models, standards of behavior.

Social norms form a system of social impact, which includes motives, goals, direction of the subjects of action, the action itself, expectation, evaluation and means.

Social norms perform their functions depending on the quality in which they manifest themselves:

as standards of behavior (duties, rules);

as expectations of behavior (the reaction of other people).

Social norms are guardians of order and guardians of values. Even the simplest norms of behavior embody what is valued by a group or society.

The difference between norm and value is expressed as follows:

norms are rules of conduct

values ​​are abstract concepts of what is good and evil,

right and wrong, right and wrong.

In the context of the formation of a new morality in modern society, it is not a ban that is important, but the constant support of social values ​​and norms in the expectation that time will make amendments and put an end to the "i" in human needs.

List of used literature:

1.Markovich D.Zh. Sociology: Textbook. - M., 2000

2. Modern Western sociology: Dictionary M., 1990

Sociology in questions and answers: Textbook / ed. prof. V.A. Chumakov. - Rostov n / a., 2000

Toshchenko Zh.T. Sociology. General course. - M., 2004

Frolov S.S. Sociology: Textbook. - M., 2000

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In order for a person to be able to freely exist in the world, he needs to be able to interact with the people around him. Values ​​are the specific characteristics of the objects of the environment around us, which determine their positive and negative value for each person and society as a whole. The social value of law is a concept, having understood which, a person will understand what his positive role in the life of society is. Thanks to him, a stable order in the structure is ensured, as well as the possibility of carrying out the usual human actions.

Note that a person, being a social being, must create certain patterns of behavior that are applicable in a particular situation. This is done so that you can safely exist in society and interact with other individuals. Such patterns are called

Social values ​​are what is important for every person a priori. Decisions made once become for us the main line of behavior, which we try to adhere to every day, all our lives. That is why value orientations act as a way of regulating and determining the behavior of an individual. They help him to distinguish the significant from the unnecessary, the essential from the meaningless.

The scientist studied social values ​​in detail and identified three forms of their existence that can mutually flow one into another:

1. public ideals.
2. The subject embodiment of these ideals.
3. motivational structures.

Note that throughout life one can be confirmed, the other can be discarded due to its inconsistency. As a result, a certain hierarchy is formed, which contains concepts that are applicable and relevant to each person. Social values ​​are a concept that is formed individually for everyone, therefore it is difficult to find two people in one society who would have the same system. Very often an individual is faced with the fact that his principles run counter to new systems, or the theoretical foundations do not fit into real life. In this case, multi-layered systems begin to form, in which the proclaimed values ​​often diverge from reality.

Value orientations are the result of the socialization of individuals, that is, their mastery of all existing types of social norms and requirements that apply to individuals or members. The basis of their formation lies in the interaction of the experience that people have with samples of the existing social culture. On the basis of these concepts, one's own idea of ​​the nature of personal claims is formed.

Business relations always contain a value aspect in their structure. It defines explicit and implicit standards of behavior. There is such a thing as the professional values ​​of social work, denoting the stable ideas and beliefs of people about the nature of goals, ways to achieve them and the principles of the future life. These values ​​focus on the basic principles of his behavior in work and responsibility for his activities. They help an employee of any field to determine the rights and obligations that he has as a professional.

Social values ​​begin to form in early childhood. Their main source is the people around the child. In this case, the example of the family plays a fundamental role. Children, watching their parents, begin to imitate them in everything. Therefore, when deciding to have children, future mothers and fathers must understand what responsibility they take on.

Social norms and values, their role in modern society.

In order to exist in the social world, a person needs communication and cooperation with other people. But essential for the implementation of joint and purposeful action should be such a situation in which people have a common idea of ​​​​how to act correctly and how it is wrong, in which direction to apply their efforts. In the absence of such a vision, concerted action cannot be achieved. Thus, a person, as a social being, must create many generally accepted patterns of behavior in order to successfully exist in society, interacting with other individuals. Similar patterns of behavior of people in society that regulate this behavior in a certain direction are called social norms.

social norms - a set of requirements and expectations that a social community (group), organization, society imposes on its members in their relationships with each other, with social institutions in order to carry out activities (behavior) of the established pattern. These are universal, permanent prescriptions that require their practical implementation. Arise as a result of the need for certain behavior. The most important characteristic of a norm is its universal recognition and universality.

The social norm is one of the complex forms of expression of social relations. It consists of many elements, each of which has different properties that can also change within a fairly wide range. In the social norm, the public will is embodied, the conscious social extreme importance. This is what distinguishes it from the so-called quasi-norms. The latter are most often of a rude, violent nature, fetter initiative, creativity.

The social norm performs the following functions. 1. Norms are designed to guide and 2. regulate people's behavior in various situations. The regulatory impact lies in the fact that the norm establishes boundaries, conditions, forms of behavior, the nature of relations, goals and ways to achieve them. 3. socializes the personality; 4. evaluates behavior; 5. Prescribes models of proper behavior. 6. A means of ensuring order.

main public purpose social norm should be formulated as the regulation of social relations and behavior of people. Regulation of relations through social norms ensures voluntary and conscious cooperation of people.

It is possible to distinguish the following norm groups: 1. By carriers: universal, norms O, group. 2. By field of activity: economic norms, political norms, cultural norms, legal norms. 3. There are formal and informal norms. 4. By the scale of action: general and local. 5. According to the method of ensuring: based on internal convictions, on public opinion, on coercion.

The main types of norms in order of increasing their social significance. 1. Customs are simply habitual, normal, most convenient and fairly widespread ways of group activity. New generations of people are adopting these social ways of life, partly through unconscious imitation, partly through conscious learning. At the same time, the new generation chooses from these methods what it considers necessary for life. 2. Moral standards- ideas about right and wrong behavior, which require the performance of some actions and prohibit others. At the same time, members of the social community where such moral norms operate share the belief that their violation brings disaster to the whole society. Members of another social community may, of course, believe that at least some of the moral norms of this group are unreasonable. Moral norms are passed on to subsequent generations not as a system of practical benefits, but as a system of unshakable "sacred" absolutes. As a result, moral standards are firmly established and implemented automatically. 3. institutional norms- a set of specially developed norms and customs relating to the important aspects of the activities of the organization, embodied in social institutions. 4. Laws- these are simply reinforced and formalized moral norms that require strict implementation

Violation of the norms causes a specific and clear negative reaction on the part of O, its institutional forms, aimed at overcoming behavior deviating from the norm. Types of sanctions - negative or positive, ᴛ.ᴇ. punishment or reward. At the same time, normative systems are not frozen and forever data. As norms change, so do attitudes. Deviation from the norm is as natural as following them. Conformism - complete acceptance of the norm; deviation - deviation from it. Sharp deviations from the norm threaten the stability of O.

In general terms, the process of formation and functioning of social norms can be conditionally represented as sequentially interconnected stages. First step- ϶ᴛᴏ the emergence and constant development of norms. Second- understanding and assimilation by the individual of the system of social norms of society, social group, personality, in other words, this is the stage of inclusion of a person in society, his socialization. Third stage- real acts, concrete behavior of the individual. This stage is the central link in the mechanism of social and normative regulation. It is in practice that it is revealed how deeply social norms have entered the consciousness of the individual. fourth the stage of the process of functioning of the norm is the assessment and control of human behavior. At this stage, the degree of compliance or deviation from the norm is revealed.

Values- beliefs shared in O about the goals to which people should strive, and the basic means of achieving them. social values- significant ideas, phenomena and objects of reality from the point of view of their compliance with the needs and interests of O, groups, individuals.

Value is a goal in itself, it is sought for for its own sake, because she is ideal. This is what is valued, what is significant for a person, what determines the life guidelines of his behavior and is recognized by society as such. The value content of phenomena induces a person to activity. Constantly being in the world of alternatives, a person is forced to choose, the criteria for which are values.

Within the framework of Parsons' ʼʼstructural functionalismʼʼ, social order depends on the existence of common values ​​shared by all people, which are considered legitimate and obligatory, acting as a standard by which the goals of action are selected. The connection between the social system and the personality system is carried out through the internalization of values ​​in the process of socialization.

Values ​​change with the development of society. Οʜᴎ are formed on the basis of needs and interests, but do not copy them. Values ​​- ϶ᴛᴏ not a cast of needs and interests, but an ideal representation, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ do not always correspond to them.

Value Orientations- a product of the socialization of individuals, ᴛ.ᴇ. development of socio-political, moral, aesthetic ideals and immutable regulatory requirements for them as members of social groups, communities and society as a whole. ACs are internally conditioned, they are formed on the basis of correlation of personal experience with the samples of culture prevailing in the society and express their own idea of ​​what is due, they are characterized by life claims. Despite the ambiguous interpretation of the concept of "value orientations", all researchers agree that value orientations perform an important function of regulators of the social behavior of individuals.

Within the framework of ʼʼstructural functionalismʼʼ Parsons the social order depends on the existence of common values ​​shared by all people, which are considered legitimate and obligatory, acting as a standard by which the goals of action are selected. The connection between the social system and the personality system is carried out through the internalization of values ​​in the process of socialization.

Frankl showed that values ​​not only control actions, they play the role of the meanings of life and make up three classes: the values ​​of creativity; c. experiences (love); c. relations.

Classification of values. 1. Traditional (focused on the preservation and reproduction of established norms and goals of life) and modern (arise under the influence of changes in life). 2. Basic (they characterize the main orientations of people in life and basic areas of activity. They are formed in the process of primary socialization, then remaining fairly stable) and secondary. 3. Terminal (express the most important goals and ideals, meanings of life) and instrumental (approved in this O means to achieve goals). 4. Hierarchy from the lowest values ​​to the highest is possible.

N. I. Lapin offers his own classification of values, based on the following grounds:

By subject matter(spiritual and material, economic, social, political, etc.); By functional orientation(integrating and differentiating, approved and denied); According to the needs of individuals(vital, interactionist, socializational, life-meaning); By type of civilization(values ​​of societies of the traditional type, values ​​of societies of the modernity type, universal values).

Social norms and values, their role in modern society. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Social norms and values, their role in modern society." 2017, 2018.